medical piped system design

Types of medical gas systems

There are two basic types of medical gas systems, namely:

unilateral system:

It is a system that is the pressure to reduce medical gas pressure required at the exits and the beginning of the main station for the supply of various gases.

 binary system:

It is a system that reduce pressure medical gas which is in two phases the first phase takes place in the main station to the top of the exits at the desired pressure and then pressure is then pressure reduction phase

Components of medical gas system

Medical gas systems consist of the following elements:

sources of supply plants or various medical gases.

Distributed gas piping network.

exits medical gases.

 monitoring and warning system.

sources of supply stations and various medical gases

Are sources that supply piping system various medical gases and this element is also divided into several elements are as follows:

• the supply of medical gas cylinders through the station.

• the supply of compressed air station through the air compressors.

• suction through suction pumps station.

First: medical gas supply station through the cylinder

It is designed to extend hospital departments and medical gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen). Overall cylinder station consists of two rows of cylinders equal, one of these two grades be in working condition while the other shall be the primary alternative to the class when emptied Alostoanat.oicon automatically switch between grades through autoomatic switch the possibility of switching from row to row the other hand. It must be designed so that the station does not stem the tide of medical gas at the service station or maintenance.

May use liquefied oxygen tanks in large hospitals or when a large consumption rate. Oxygen tanks are insulated tanks containing thousands Turat of liquefied oxygen when evaporation produces oxygen gas multiplier hundreds of times the size of its size it is liquefied. These tanks are placed in special places and each tank there and from which you can fill the empty tin when its piping system, 

Second: The compressed air supply station through the air compressors

Unlike other medical gases, which are supplied through the cylinder, the medical compressed air is usually Antiajh in the hospital itself and that is through the payment of external atmospheric air into the air compressors, which are linked to a network of pipes that supply the various medical departments air after treatment in order to comply with the air specifications Medical where the following conditions must be in the compressed medical air and the output of the station are available:

• oils ratio does not exceed 0.5 mg per cubic meter.

• dew degree of not less than 5 degrees down less unexpected degree of operating temperature.

• Carbon monoxide ratio does not exceed 5 ml per cubic meter.

• carbon dioxide ratio does not exceed 1 000 ml per cubic meter.

Third, the suction through suction pumps station

Suction station of three or more suction pumps consists, tank or more, two or more filters bacteria, a jar exchange or more in addition to the unit for the station control. It must be suction abroad exchange station away from the neighboring buildings and the direction of the wind away from neighboring buildings.

Distributed pipes for gas network

Piping system used for the transmission and distribution of medical gases from gas stations to the exits of the various sections, taking into account the following:

• pipes must bear the pressure equivalent to 1.2 of the maximum possible pressure.

• flexible connections may be used as part of the network so as to prevent transmission of vibration.

• You must reach your piping system grounded in hospital.

• must be the protection of piping system from damage that may result from the collision devices such as Alterolliat and dispute.

• must prove pipes pillars so as not bend or bows out.

• props must be made of corrosion resistant material.

• should not be used for any special props pipes other uses.

•

Portable Air Compressors - Mobile & Portable

(1) SAFETY RELIEF VALVE Every ROLAIR air compressor is equipped with a safety relief valve which is designed to

discharge tank pressure at a predetermined setting when a systems failure occurs. Check the safety valve periodically by

pulling on the ring only when the tank pressure is completely drained. The spring loaded valve should move freely within the

safety valve body. An inoperable safety valve could allow an excessive amount of tank pressure to build causing the air tank to

catastrophically rupture or explode.

Do not tamper with or attempt to eliminate the safety relief valve.

(2) MANUAL OVERLOAD / MOTOR RESET Every ROLAIR electric air compressor is built with manual overload protection. If

the motor overheats, the overload sensor will trip the reset button to protect the motor. If this occurs, please allow the motor to

cool for approximately five minutes. Locate and push in the reset button. The use of an undersized or excessive length of

extension cord may be the cause of overheating. Re-evaluate the power source and gauge/length of extension cord being

used. (Refer to chart on page 8)

(3) PRESSURE SWITCH Most electric air compressors are operated by the use of a pressure switch. Always make sure

the lever is in the off position before plugging in the power cord. By moving the lever to the “On/Auto” position, the compressor

will start and stop automatically within the settings of the pressure switch which are typically 105 – 130 PSI. Do not attempt to

stop the compressor by unplugging the power cord. To stop, simply move the lever to the “Off” position. The lever operates a

relief valve that dumps off head pressure and allows the compressor to restart without load the next time it is used.

(4)REGULATOR – WORKING PRESSURE To adjust the output/line pressure, simply lift up on the regulator adjustment knob

and rotate clockwise to increase working pressure or counter-clockwise to decrease. Push adjustment knob back down to lock

in setting. Never exceed the manufacturer’s maximum allowable pressure rating of the tool being used or item being inflated.

(5) PRESSURE GAUGE(S) Typically, most compressors are designed with a gauge to measure tank or storage pressure

and another gauge attached to the regulator that indicates output or working pressure.

(6) DRAIN VALVE(S) One or more drain valves are installed to allow moisture to be drained on a daily basis from the

compressor storage tank(s). Open drains carefully and slowly to prevent scale, rust, or debris from becoming expelled at a

high rate of speed.

(7) AIR INTAKE FILTER Air intake filters are installed to prevent foreign matter from entering into the engine or

compressor pump. Check intake elements on a regular basis and either clean or replace as needed. Warm soapy water or

low compressed air may be used to clean the elements. Check intake canisters or elbow components for cracks or broken

seals and replace if structural problems are found.

centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump

converts input power to kinetic energy by accelerating liquid in a revolving device - an impeller.

The most common is the volute pump - where fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid accelerates radially outward from the pump chasing and a vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump.

The energy from the pumps prime mover is transfered to kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the velocity of the liquid energy transferred to the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity Laws.

Pressure and Head

If the discharge of a centrifugal pump is pointed straight up into the air the fluid will pumped to a certain height -  or head - called the shut off head. This maximum head is mainly determined by the outside diameter of the pump's impeller and the speed of the rotating shaft. The head will change as the capacity of the pump is altered.

The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is obstructed by creating a resistance in the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump casing which catches the liquid and slows it down. When the liquid slows down the kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy. 

• it is the resistance to the pump's flow that is read on a pressure gauge attached to the discharge line

A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. The gauge pressure is a measurement of the resistance to flow.

In fluids the term head is used to measure the kinetic energy which a pump creates. Head is a measurement of the height of the liquid column the pump could create from the kinetic energy the pump gives to the liquid. 

• the main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not

The pump's performance on any Newtonian fluid can always be described by using the term head. 

Different Types of Pump Head

• Total Static Head -  Total head when the pump is not running
• Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the pump is running
• Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is higher than the pump impeller
• Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is lower than the pump impeller
• Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the pump off
• Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump on
• Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with pump on

The head is measured in either feet or meters and can be converted to common units for pressure - like psi, Pa or bar.

• it is important to understand that the pump will pump all fluids to the same height if the shaft is turning at the same rpm

The only difference between the fluids is the amount of power it takes to get the shaft to the proper rpm. The higher the specific gravity of the fluid the more power is required.

• Centrifugal Pumps are "constant head machines"

Note that the latter is not a constant pressure machine, since pressure is a function of head and density. The head is constant, even if the density (and therefore pressure) changes.

The head of a pump can be expressed in metric units as:

h = (p₂ - p₁) / (ρ  g) + v₂² / (2 g)         (1)

where

h = total head developed (m) 

p₂ = pressure at outlet (N/m²)

p₁ = pressure at inlet (N/m²)

ρ =   density (kg/m³)

g = acceleration of gravity (9.81)  m/s²

v₂ = velocity at the outlet (m/s)

Head described in simple terms

• a pump's vertical discharge "pressure-head" is the vertical lift in height - usually measured in feet or m of water - at which a pump can no longer exert enough pressure to move water. At this point, the pump may be said to have reached its "shut-off" head pressure. In the flow curve chart for a pump the "shut-off head" is the point on the graph where the flow rate is zero

Pump Efficiency

Pump efficiency, η (%) is a measure of the efficiency with wich the pump transfers useful work to the fluid. 

η = P_out / P_in  (2)

where 

η = efficiency (%)

P_in = power input

P_out = power output  

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Lubrificação Compressor

Lubrificação Compressor

5.28 Compressores isentos de óleo têm sido utilizados com sucesso em cirurgias dentárias,

e evitar a necessidade de separadores de óleo e filtros. Cuidados devem, no entanto, ser

tomadas para garantir que os anéis de PTFE e óleos lubrificantes não se tornem excessivamente

quente. Um sensor de temperatura pode ser equipado com controlos adequados para cortar o

fonte de alimentação em caso de excesso de temperatura.

Tratamento do ar

5.29 Os contaminantes podem entrar nos sistemas de ar comprimido de três

fontes: a atmosfera, o compressor eo sistema de distribuição de gasoduto.

Cada fonte de potencial deve ser tida em conta quando se especifica o tipo

e localização de equipamentos de tratamento de ar.

5,30 Um filtro de entrada de ar 5 micron é necessária para impedir o bloqueio de interno

separadores de ar / óleo.

5,31 Água é sempre um contaminante em um sistema de ar comprimido, independentemente

do tipo e da localização das instalações de compressor, uma vez que o ar aspirado para dentro do

ingestão de compressor nunca está completamente livre de vapor de água.

5.32 O reservatório deve ser revestido internamente para minimizar a produção de ferrugem.

5.33 um teor de água não deve exceder um ponto de condensação de -20 ° C a atmosférica

pressão é recomendado, a fim de evitar estes problemas.

5,34 Isto pode ser difícil de alcançar na prática, com um secador de refrigeração,

e, por conseguinte, secador dessecante deve ser usado.

5.35 O secador pode ser localizado quer a montante quer a jusante do ar

receptor, dependendo da concepção do sistema.

5,36 Para pequenas instalações, pode haver vantagens em localizar o secador

a montante do receptor, a fim de assegurar que o reservatório de ar não é

contaminada com ar húmido e o ar seco que a partir do receptor pode ser usado

de se regenerar o secador.

5,37 Se o secador está localizado a jusante do receptor, o receptor actua

como um pós-resfriador secundário e também suaviza o efeito de um pulsar

alternativo bomba. Isto pode ser adequado para instalações de maiores dimensões.

5.38 O sistema de secagem deve ser equipado com um higrômetro para continuamente

monitorar a secura do ar comprimido e desligar automaticamente o

sistema em caso de excesso de humidade.

5.39 Um alarme deve ser instalado para indicar alto teor de umidade. Para o

sistema menor pode ser mais apropriado para esta condição de alarme, em vez de

desligar automaticamente o sistema, o que pode ser inconveniente. O orvalho

ponto pode subir a uma pressão de ponto de orvalho de + 3 ° C, antes de o sistema deve

alarme. Detalhes de alarmes são apresentadas nos pontos 5.47-5.49.

5,40 Um sistema típico com o secador localizado a montante do receptor é

mostrado na Figura 2.

Um secador de refrigerante pode ser

adequado em pequenas instalações, que

é, menos de 2/3 cadeiras, fornecida

que o comprimento de pipeworki externo

Lubrificazione del compressore

Lubrificazione del compressore
5.28 Compressori privi d'olio sono state utilizzate con successo negli studi odontoiatrici,
e ovviare alla necessità di separatori di olio e filtri. Si deve, tuttavia, essere
adottare per garantire che gli anelli in PTFE e oli lubrificanti non diventino eccessivamente
caldo. Un sensore di temperatura può essere dotato di opportuni controlli per tagliare il
alimentazione in caso di temperatura eccessiva.
Trattamento aria
5.29 contaminanti possono entrare nei sistemi ad aria compressa da tre
fonti: l'atmosfera, il compressore e il sistema di distribuzione conduttura.
Ogni sorgente potenziale deve essere preso in considerazione quando si specifica il tipo
e ubicazione delle apparecchiature di trattamento dell'aria.
5.30 Un filtro di aspirazione dell'aria 5 micron è necessaria per impedire il blocco di interno
separatori aria / olio.
5.31 acqua è sempre un contaminante in un sistema ad aria compressa, indipendentemente
del tipo e la posizione del sistema di compressione, dato che l'aria aspirata nel
aspirazione del compressore è mai completamente privo di vapore acqueo.
5.32 Il serbatoio deve essere rivestito internamente per ridurre al minimo la produzione di ruggine.
5.33 Un contenuto di acqua non superiore al punto di rugiada di -20 ° C in atmosfera
pressione è consigliabile per evitare questi problemi.
5.34 Questo può essere difficile da ottenere in pratica con un essiccatore a refrigerazione,
e quindi dovrebbe essere usato essiccatore.
5.35 L'essiccatore può essere posizionato a monte oa valle dell'aria
ricevitore a seconda del progetto del sistema.
5.36 Per le piccole installazioni, ci possono essere dei vantaggi per la localizzazione del dryer
monte del ricevitore in modo da garantire che il ricevitore aria non è
contaminato con aria umida e che l'aria secca dal ricevitore può essere utilizzato
per rigenerare l'essiccatore.
5.37 Se l'asciugatrice si trova a valle del ricevitore, il ricevitore agisce
come un secondario aftercooler e leviga anche l'effetto di un pulsante
alternativo pompa. Questo può essere opportuno grandi installazioni.
5.38 Il sistema essiccatore deve essere dotato di un igrometro a continuamente
monitorare la secchezza dell'aria compressa e di chiudere automaticamente la
sistema in caso di eccessiva umidità.
5.39 Un allarme deve essere installato per indicare elevato contenuto di umidità. Per il
sistema più piccolo può essere più appropriato per questa condizione di allarme, piuttosto che
spegnendo automaticamente il sistema, che può essere scomodo. La rugiada
punto può salire ad una pressione del punto di rugiada di + 3 ° C prima che il sistema dovrebbe
allarme. Dettagli di allarmi sono riportati nei paragrafi 5.47-5.49.
5.40 Un tipico sistema con l'essiccatore a monte del ricevitore è
illustrato nella figura 2.
Un essiccatore refrigerante può essere
appropriato in piccoli impianti, che
è, meno di 2/3 sedie, a condizione
che la lunghezza di pipeworki esterna

medical air system

S

S

S

Areas of Application

• ICU ventilators

• Anaesthesia machines

• Infant ventilators

• Various medical devices

Requirements for Compressed Medical Air According to ISO 8573

• Oil free

• Water mist free

• Clean – no particles larger than 0.1 µm

• Bacteria free

The imtmedical Solution

aeris is the only compressor in its class using the Triple Filter System to fiter out residual water, oil, mist,

droplets and other particulate matter. Additional fiters, as well as an active carbon cartridge, ensure that the fier

molecules (> 0.01 micron) are trapped while the carbon cartridge 

absorbs hydrocarbon and odors.

Design and construction of cylinder stores

General

8.11 Cylinder stores should be covered and adequately ventilated. Stores

should not be located in close proximity to any installation which may present

a fire risk or other hazard.

8.12 The floor and hard standing should be level and constructed of

concrete or other non-combustible, non-porous material. A concrete finish is

preferred and is likely to have a longer life. The floor should be laid to a fall to

prevent the accumulation of water.

8.13 The store should have easy access for trolleys. The cylinder bays should

be arranged to allow trolleys to be safely manoeuvred and cylinders to be

loaded and unloaded.

8.14 Separate, clearly identified bays should be provided for full and empty

cylinders.

8.15 Separate areas for different gases should be provided, but it is not

necessary to construct a physical barrier unless it is convenient to do so.

Adequate means of securing large cylinders should be provided to prevent

falling. Small cylinders should be secured in racks in accordance with BS 1319.

8.16 The doors should be large enough to facilitate cylinder

loading/unloading and should be on an external wall. The emergency exit

should be provided with a panic-release lock. Doors should open outwards.

35

Hazchem/warning signs

8.18 Safety warning signs and notices should be used where appropriate

and posted in prominent positions. They should be sited and designed in

accordance with the requirements of SI 1980 No 1471 ‘The Safety Signs

Regulations 1980’; BS 5378: Part 1: 1980, Part 3: 1982 ‘Safety Signs and

Colours’; BS 5499: Part 1: 1984 ‘Fire Safety Signs Notices and Graphic

Symbols’ and the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974.

Location

8.19 Cylinder stores should be located at ground level, not underground, for

example in a basement.

8.20 Cylinder stores should be located as close as possible to the delivery

point. Wherever possible there should be only one delivery supply point for

each site.

8.21 No parking should be permitted within the delivery and storage area,

other than for loading and unloading cylinders.

8.22 The location of the cylinder store should be marked clearly on the site

plan for ease of identification in the event of an emergency.

Handling of cylinders

General

8.23 Cylinders can be heavy and bulky and should therefore be handled with

care only by personnel who have been trained in cylinder handling and who

understand the potential hazards.

8.24 A suitable trolley should be used for transporting cylinders whenever

they are moved.

8.25 Cylinders should not be lifted by their guards or valves unless

specifically designed for that purpose.

8.26 Cylinders should not be dropped, knocked, used as “rollers” or be

permitted to strike each other violently.

8.27 Cylinders and valves should be kept free from oil, grease and other

debris. Cylinders should not be marked with chalk, crayon, paint or other

materials, nor by the application of adhesive tapes etc. A tie-on label indicating

the content state may be attached to the cylinder.

8.28 Smoking and naked lights should be prohibited in the vicinity of all

cylinders.

8.29 Cylinders should always be secured during transportation and in use

Precautions against fire, heat and chemicals

8.55 General fire precautions applicable to MGPS are given in the “Fire

precautions” section of Chapter 9 “General safety and fire precautions”.

8.56 Oil and grease in the presence of high-pressure oxygen and nitrous

oxide are liable to combustion and should not be used as a lubricant on any

gas cylinder or equipment. In particular, the cylinder valve, couplings,

regulators, tools, hands and clothing should be kept free from these

substances.

8.57 A hazardous situation could arise if cylinders are subjected to extremes

of temperature. Cylinders should be kept away from sources of heat,

including steam pipes and hot sunny positions.

8.58 When equipment is coupled to a cylinder, the cylinder valve should

initially be opened as slowly as possible, as rapid opening can cause a sudden

adiabatic increase in downstream gas pressure. The consequent temperature

rise may result in ignition of combustible material in contact with the hot gas

downstream. Only regulators designed for oxygen use should be used for this

service a s they are constructed to prevent this occurrence.

8.59 Serious incidents have occurred as a result of ignition occurring within

the cylinder valve or regulator. This has been attributable to friction generated

by particulate matter, such as dust or dirt, within the system when the

cylinder valve is opened.

8.60 Cylinders and their associated equipment should be protected from

contact with oil, grease, bituminous products, acids and other corrosive

substances.

Storage of cylinders in manifold rooms

The number of cylinders in manifold rooms should be restricted to the

minimum required for operational and reserve purposes. This will include

cylinders connected to the manifold(s) and a sufficient reserve to replenish one

complete bank. In the case of manifolds for nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures,

sufficient cylinders to replace two complete banks should be stored.

8.63 Only cylinders of the gases required for connection to the manifold

should be kept in the manifold room. The manifold room should not be used

for any other purpose, although an exception may be made for essential

storage of nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture cylinders on trolleys to permit

temperature equilibration before use with directly connected equipment.

Storage of cylinders in ready-to-use stores

8.64 In some areas it will be essential to hold small numbers of spare

cylinders for immediate use for connection to anaesthetic machines and for

sudden unanticipated demands. Such areas would include operating

departments, A&E departments, coronary care units, central delivery suites of

maternity departments, special care baby units, intensive therapy units,

sterilizing and disinfecting units etc. These stores should only be used for full

cylinders and all empty cylinders should be returned immediately to the main

cylinder store.

8.65 The numbers of cylinders held should be kept to the minimum; a

24-hour supply should suffice for normal circumstances, although this may

have to be increased for weekends, bank holidays etc and other operational

reasons.

8.66 These cylinders should be kept in a specially designated room. This

should comply as far as possible with the requirements for manifold rooms,

but in any case should be well ventilated and where practicable have at least

one external wall to facilitate natural ventilation.

8.67 This designated room should be clearly labelled with the types of

cylinder contained and “no smoking” warning signs.

8.68 No combustible material should be kept in the ready-to-use store. The

general principles given in paragraphs 8.83–8.85 and 6.61 should be followed

where appropriate.

8.69 Cylinders should be stored in racks in accordance with BS 1319.

Sufficient space should be provided for manoeuvring cylinders onto and off

trolleys. Adequate means of securing large cylinders should be provided to

prevent falling.

.