Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning systems - heating, cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort
Heating
Heating systems - capacity and design of boilers, pipelines, heat exchangers, expansion systems and more
Noise and Attenuation
Noise is usually defined as unwanted sound - noise, noise generation, silencers and attenuation in HVAC systems
Ventilation
Systems for ventilation and air handling - air change rates, ducts and pressure drops, charts and diagrams and more
Acoustic Calculation of Ventilation Systems
Procedure for acoustic noise calculation of ventilation systems
Air-Duct Sizing
Air flow and required duct area
Calculating Indoor Temperature and Humidity Loads
Calculating sensible and latent heat from persons, lights, electric equipment, machines, evaporation from water surfaces, polluting fluids and miscellaneous loads
Dehumidification - Removing Moisture from Air
Principles of dehumidifying - cooling, adsorption or absorption
Fuels - Combustion Air and Flue Gases
Combustion air and flue gas for common fuels - coke, oil, wood, natural gas and more
Fuels - Exhaust Temperatures
Exhaust and outlet temperatures for some common fuels - natural gas, liquefied petroleum, diesel and more
Fuels - Higher Calorific Values
Higher calorific values for some common fuels - coke, oil, wood, hydrogen and others
Fuels and Chemicals - Auto Ignition Temperatures
The ignition point for some common fuels and chemicals butane, coke, hydrogen, petroleum and more
Sponsored Links
HVAC Diagram - Online Drawing
Draw HVAC diagrams - Online with the Google Drive drawing tool
HVAC Terms
Definition of some common HVAC industry terms - absolute humidity, pressure, temperature and more
Heat, Work and Energy
Heat, work and energy tutorial - essentials as specific heat
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units
Use steam to humidify air
Introduction to Psychrometry
An introduction to air psychrometrics
Maximum Duct and Pipe Sizes through Steel Joists, K-series
Joists and maximum size of ducts and pipes
Air Flow Switches
a selection of air flow switches designed to help you determine filter status and get greater air pressure control in your HVAC unit. Detect air flow in ducts, pipes and tubes in a variety of appliances
and industrial applications
Duct Pressure Switches
- Air Sensing Switch, Switch Action SPST, Pressure Setting Range WC 0.4 to 12.0 Inches, Sample Line Connector Integral Compression, Operating Temperature Range -40 to 180 Degrees Fahrenheit, Normally Closed, With Manual Reset, Field Adjustable
- Humidity Stage Module, Humidification or Dehumidification, Switch Type SPDT, Number of Switches 1, Overall Length 5 In., SPDT Output Relay and (3) Adjustments Including Offset (De-Energize Stage Action From Setpoint), Humidification or Dehumidification Mode, and Differential, For Use With W351 Humidity Control, Color Blue, Application Humidification or Dehumidification, Enclosure Type Thermoplastic, NEMA 1, 24 to 240, 9.8, 4.9, 9.8, 4.9, 58.8, 29.4, 9.8, 4.9, 58.8, 29.4, 16.0, 10, 10, 10
Individual systems
In modern buildings the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity, engineer,[clarification needed] and select HVAC systems and equipment. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors then fabricate and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of building.[citation needed]
District networkst]
Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like NORAD's underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger district heating (DH) or district cooling (DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature).[4][5][6]
Basing HVAC on a larger network helps to provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar heat,[7][8][9] winter's cold,[10] the cooling potential in some places of lakes or seawater for free cooling, and the enabling function of seasonal thermal energy storage
Distribution[
Water / steam[]
In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to oldergravity-fed systems). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to give floor heat.
The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as hydronics. The heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water for bathing and washing.
Air[]
Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct work systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is typically filtered through air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles.
Dangers]
The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as means of indoor heating may result in incomplete combustion and the emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects.[13]
Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can
also affect time discrimination
HVAC SOLUTIONS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
HVAC Systems in the Drug Manufacturing Industry
All pharmaceutical industry products must be produced in air conditioned and clean space. International standards and directives such as FDA and GMP are applied in each phase of production including the packaging and storing phase. For this reason, the air conditioning and ventilation system in the pharmaceutical industry is one of the most vital elements in the manufacturing process.
The working area is sensitive to airborne contamination which is why it is necessary to provide adequate protection from ingress of pollutants. The manufacturing process itself also generates fumes that need to be exhausted from the plant to prevent the contamination of areas in which the production takes place. Only the familiarity with all the specificities of the pharmaceutical industry guarantees successful designing and manufacturing of optimal HVAC solution.
With years of experience and numerous references from the local and European market, Termovent represents an ideal partner for equipping of pharmaceutical industry with HVAC systems. Our systems meet strict requirements of pharmaceutical industry with respect to clean rooms, manufacturing plants, offices and storage areas. Also, our systems meet high requirements regarding energy efficiency and provide low operational costs in the course of the product service life.
For more information about systems for central air treatment designed for pharmaceutical industry, see our Hygiene:Pro product line..
1.2 Burn the stick.
1.4 Observed the flow of air with the help of smock distribution in the room.
1.5 Make chart diagram of flow of air in the room for each room.
2.0 Air Flow Velocity And Change Per Hour
2.1 Scan the area of the HEPA Filter, with the anemometer probe, 6 inches from the filter face.
2.2 For case of experiment, divide the area of the HEPA Filter into four equal, hypothetical grids.
2.3 Record the velocity readings taken at the centre of the grids, and at the junction of dividing lines (centre of HEPA Filter) in 5.5.
2.4 Calculate the Average Velocity (V in feet per minute) as :
V = (V1+V2+V3+V4) -------- (Eq.1)
4
Vi = Velocity observation at each point
2.5 Measure the dimensions of each air inlet i.e. HEPA Filter, in feet and record it.
2.6 Calculate the Area (A in square feet) of each Air inlet as product of the length and the width as :
A = l x w -------- (Eq.2)
where l = length of inlet
w = width of inlet
2.7 Calculate the Total Air Volume (T in cubic feet per minute) supplied in each zone, by using the formula :
T = A x V -------- (Eq.3)
where A = Area of particular Air inlet in square feet
V = Average air velocity at particular air inlet in feet per minute
2.8 Calculate the total volume of the room by multiplying length of room, breath of room and height of the room.
Volume = L x B x H
2.9 Total air change is divided by total volume of the room will give the air change per hour. Fill the record in the form.
3.0 Filter Leak Test
3.1 Place the velometer at the front of AHU unit.
3.2 Check the velocity of air to the all corner of the AHU. The air velocity should be within the higher limit of HEPA filter.
3.3 If there is air velocity is more than higher limit change the gas cut to prevent the air leakage.
4.0 Particles Count
4.1 On the air system before one hour of test operation. Take the suitable particle counter and operate it to check the particles in the room at non working operation.
4.2 Collect the information from particle counter and fill them in the format.
4.3 Operate the particle counter when work is on progress in the area. The particles should be count when more than one hour work has been progressed in the area. Record the data in the format.
4.4 Operate the particle counter for all the room maintaining grade A, grade B, grade C & grade D.
5.0 Viable Monitoring
5.1 Expose Plate Count Agar and Saboraud Dextrose Agar media plates in sterile manufacturing area(Fabrication, Vial Filling, Vial Sealing & Sterile passage) as per location plan given on the back of paper sheet. Similarly expose the plates in Change Room II and III and Degowning I twice in a week and once in a week in Vial Washing, Bung Washing and Component Preparation.
5.2 Monitor the microbial load on the surface of the sterile manufacturing area by swab sampling and testing follow the SOP. Carry out swab sampling daily in Vial Filling, Vial Sealing, Sterile Buffer and Blending III; and twice in a week in Sterile Passage, Change Room II, Change Room III and Degowning I. Similarly carry out the swab sampling once in a week in Change Room I, Degowning II, Vial Washing, Bung Washing and component preparation. Record the results.
5.3 Place the media strips or petridishs in the air sampler on operate the air sampler as per standard operating procedure of the equipment.
5.4 Record the data in the format.
5.5 Monitor the microbial load on surface of hand gloves of the operators daily once in each working shift at random during activity follow the SOP and record the result in HVAC Documents. Record the data in the format.
5.6 In case of repeated failure during two observations the corrective action shall immediately be planned and implemented.
5.7 Monitor the critical functions of HVAC system, Water System and personnel's behaviour in sterile and investigate cause of adverse results immediately after observation.
6.0 Filter Integrity Test ( DOP / PAO Test for HVAC)
6.1 Generate DOP or PAO Aerosol using Aerosol generator, by subjecting DOP/PAO to 20 psi air pressure. Direct test aerosol at the supply duct in the Air Handling System.
6.2 Switch the photometer "ON" and allow to stabilize for five minutes.
6.3 Ensure that 100 % upstream concentration is achieved at all the terminal HEPA filters.
6.4 Scan the filter matrix and perimeter by passing the receptor probe 1 inch from the filter surface, in overlapping strokes traversing at approximately 10 FPM to check for leaks, if any.
6.5 Test all the HEPA filters as per the above steps and record the observations in the format.
7.0 Pressure Difference
7.1 Attach all concerning room (Under Test) to the manometer which are attached the wall of adjacent area.
7.2 On the air system in side tested area and wait to stabilize the pressure in the area.
7.4 Record the data in the format.
8.0 Recovery (Temperature & Humidity)
8.1 Off the HVAC system and checked the humidity of the area using hygrometer.
8.2 If humidity of the area within in specification. Increase the humidity by spraying hot water in the area up to 75%.
8.4 Operate the HVAC system and note the time. Wait to stabilize the humidity in the area within the specification limit.
8.5 Note and record the time in the format.
8.6 For the recovery test increase the temperature of the area by using hot air blower in the area and increase the temperature 40C.
8.7 Operate the HVAC system and note the time. Wait to stabilize the temperature in the area within the specification limit.
8.8 Note and record the time in the format.
9.0 Temperature and Humidity Uniformity Test
9.1 Place the calibrated thermometer on the different location.
9.2 Operate the HVAC system and note the time. Wait to stabilize the temperature in the area within the specification limit.
9.3 Check and record the temperature of the area in format.
9.4 Place the calibrated hygrometer on the different location.
9.5 Operate the HVAC system and note the time. Wait to stabilize the humidity in the area within the specification limit.
9.6 Check and record the temperature of the area in format.
10.0 Fresh Air Determination
10.1 On the concerned AHU and wait to stabilize the air pressure in room.
10.2 On the fresh air dumper for fresh air and observed and calculate the intake air by the dumper in the room. Observed and calculate the total air change in the room.
10.3 The intake fresh air is divided by the total air change in the room and multiply by 100 to calculate the % fresh air intake on each cycle by the HVAC system in the tested room.
10.4 Record the data in the performance format record.
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